# Classification Gradient Boosted Trees¶

Gradient boosted trees classification is the special case of gradient boosted trees. For more details, see Gradient Boosted Trees.

## Details¶

Given n feature vectors $$X = \{x_1 = (x_{11}, \ldots, x_{1p}), \ldots, x_n = (x_{n1}, \ldots, x_{np}) \}$$ of n p-dimensional feature vectors and a vector of class labels $$y = (y_1, \ldots, y_n)$$, where $$y_i \in \{0, 1, \ldots, C-1\}$$ and C is the number of classes, which describes the class to which the feature vector $$x_i$$ belongs, the problem is to build a gradient boosted trees classifier.

### Training Stage¶

Gradient boosted trees classification follows the algorithmic framework of gradient boosted trees training. For a classification problem with K classes, K regression trees are constructed on each iteration, one for each output class. The loss function is cross-entropy (multinomial deviance):

$L(y,f) = -\sum_{k=1}^{K}(I(y=k)\ln{p_{k}(x)})$

where $${p}_{k}(x)=\mathrm{ }\frac{{e}^{{f}_{k}\left(x\right)}}{\sum _{i=1}^{K}{e}^{{f}_{i}\left(x\right)}}$$

Binary classification is a special case when single regression tree is trained on each iteration. The loss function is

$L(y,f) = -(y\cdot \ln{\sigma(f)} + (1-y)\ln(1- \sigma(f)))$

where $$\sigma(f)=\frac{1}{1+ {e}^{-f}}$$

### Prediction Stage¶

Given the gradient boosted trees classifier model and vectors $$(x_1, \ldots, x_r)$$, the problem is to calculate labels for those vectors. To solve the problem for each given feature vector $$x_i$$, the algorithm finds the leaf node in a tree in the ensemble, and the leaf node gives the tree response. The algorithm computes a sum of responses of all the trees for each class and chooses the label y corresponding to the class with the maximal response value (highest class probability).

## Usage of Training Alternative¶

To build a Gradient Boosted Trees Classification model using methods of the Model Builder class of Gradient Boosted Tree Classification, complete the following steps:

• Create a Gradient Boosted Tree Classification model builder using a constructor with the required number of classes and trees.

• Create a decision tree and add nodes to it:

• Use the createTree method with the required number of nodes in a tree and a label of the class for which the tree is created.

• Use the addSplitNode and addLeafNode methods to add split and leaf nodes to the created tree. See the note below describing the decision tree structure.

• After you add all nodes to the current tree, proceed to creating the next one in the same way.

• Use the getModel method to get the trained Gradient Boosted Trees Classification model after all trees have been created.

Note

Each tree consists of internal nodes (called non-leaf or split nodes) and external nodes (leaf nodes). Each split node denotes a feature test that is a Boolean expression, for example, f < featureValue or f = featureValue, where f is a feature and featureValue is a constant. The test type depends on the feature type: continuous, categorical, or ordinal. For more information on the test types, see Decision Tree.

The inducted decision tree is a binary tree, meaning that each non-leaf node has exactly two branches: true and false. Each split node contains featureIndex, the index of the feature used for the feature test in this node, and featureValue, the constant for the Boolean expression in the test. Each leaf node contains a classLabel, the predicted class for this leaf. For more information on decision trees, see Decision Tree.

Add nodes to the created tree in accordance with the pre-calculated structure of the tree. Check that the leaf nodes do not have children nodes and that the splits have exactly two children.

### Examples¶

Note

There is no support for Java on GPU.

## Batch Processing¶

Gradient boosted trees classification follows the general workflow described in Gradient Boosted Trees and Classification Usage Model

### Training¶

In addition to parameters of the gradient boosted trees described in Batch Processing, the gradient boosted trees classification training algorithm has the following parameters:

Parameter

Default Value

Description

algorithmFPType

float

The floating-point type that the algorithm uses for intermediate computations. Can be float or double.

method

defaultDense

The computation method used by the gradient boosted trees regression. The only training method supported so far is the default dense method.

nClasses

Not applicable

The number of classes. A required parameter.

loss

crossEntropy

Loss function type.

### Prediction¶

In addition to the parameters of a classifier, the gradient boosted trees classifier has the following parameters at the prediction stage:

Parameter

Default Value

Description

algorithmFPType

float

The floating-point type that the algorithm uses for intermediate computations. Can be float or double.

method

defaultDense

The computation method used by the gradient boosted trees regression. The only training method supported so far is the default dense method.

nClasses

Not applicable

The number of classes. A required parameter.

numIterations

$$0$$

An integer parameter that indicates how many trained iterations of the model should be used in prediction. The default value $$0$$ denotes no limit. All the trained trees should be used.

## Examples¶

Batch Processing:

Note

There is no support for Java on GPU.

Batch Processing: